An Integrated Neurovascular, Cranial Hydraulic and Sensory-Gating Model Graham Exelby Abstract Visual snow syndrome (VSS) is a neurological disorder characterised by the continuous perception of fine dynamic visual static across the visual field, commonly accompanied by palinopsia, photophobia, nyctalopia, enhanced entoptic phenomena, tinnitus and migraine.[1–4] Contemporary neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies support dysfunction extending beyond the primary visual

Dr Graham Exelby. Revised September 2026 Abstract Background Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) and Long COVID frequently demonstrate abnormalities of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), yet their physiological significance remains incompletely understood. Conventional endocrine protocols were designed primarily to identify autonomous aldosterone disorders and do not adequately assess dynamic neurovascular, renal and adrenal responses to orthostati

Christopher Thomas, BScApp. MScSt. AMS. DMU, Dr Graham Exelby , MBBS February 2026 Abstract Background: Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), Long COVID–associated dysautonomia, and post-vaccine syndromes are typically defined by heart-rate responses and autonomic testing, with limited direct assessment of preload or forward flow. Emerging population-level data identify an orthostatic cardiac output–fall phenotype characterised by stroke-volume reduction despite p