Research Library

Research in COVID-19 has answered many of the questions that kept popping up in POTS, Fibromyalgia and similar conditions- how a virus (or trauma, mould, parasites, sustained stress) can activate threat receptors (Toll-like receptors, or TLRs) which then activate Mast Cells that are responsible for the cytokine storm that is what happens in COVID.

Presented below are our latest research articles:

The Systemic Consequences of STAT3 Dysregulation in Long COVID:

A Unifying Molecular Pathway Across Malignancy, Autoimmunity, and Immune Dysregulation Dr Graham Exelby June 2025 Abstract: Long COVID is...

Graham Exelby

Long COVID and Autism Spectrum Disorder- a Shared Pathophysiology-

The Role of the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle, Inflammation and Hypoxia Dr Graham Exelby June 2025 Abstract Long COVID and Autism Spectrum...

Graham Exelby

Long COVID Progression- the Transitioning of Cytokine Dysregulation to Cellular Suicide

Dr Graham Exelby June 2025 Abstract Long COVID is emerging as a complex neuroimmune–metabolic disorder marked by persistent inflammation,...

Graham Exelby

Extracellular Matrix Toxicity and Post-Exertional Malaise

- The Role of Fascial-Lymphatic Obstruction and Brainstem Hypoxia in Long COVID and POTS Dr Graham Exelby June 2025 Abstract: Emerging...

Graham Exelby

Fascial-Lymphatic Obstruction and Brainstem Hypoxia in Long COVID and POTS

Dr Graham Exelby June 2025- a Preliminary paper Abstract: Emerging clinical observations suggest that post-exertional malaise (PEM) in...

Graham Exelby

Origin of Brainstem Hypoperfusion in POTS and Long COVID: A Dual-Gate Hypothesis Linking Mechanical and Molecular Initiation

Dr. Graham Exelby June 2025- a Preliminary Paper Abstract Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) frequently presents after...

Graham Exelby

Malignancy Risk in Long COVID

Overview for GPs Dr Graham Exelby June 2025 Overview: Emerging data and clinical experience suggest a potential increase in malignancy...

Graham Exelby

POTS Comorbidities- by Functional Domain

Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract: This paper provides a structured overview of comorbid conditions observed in clinical POTS practice,...

Graham Exelby

RAGE: A Central Amplifier in POTS

Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Introduction Chronic hypoxia is a powerful initiator of immune dysregulation, neurovascular injury, and...

Graham Exelby

POTS Activators – Clinical Overview with Mechanistic Insights

Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract Background: Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) is a heterogenous dysautonomic condition...

Graham Exelby

POTS Symptoms Overview

Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Introduction Chronic multisystem conditions such as Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS), Long...

Graham Exelby

Telmisartan and Candesartan in Mitigating Cognitive Impairment in Long COVID

Dr Graham Exelby May 2024, revised May 2025 Abstract Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), particularly telmisartan and candesartan,...

Graham Exelby

Lymphatic Obstruction in POTS, CFS, and Long COVID: A Call for Integrated Therapeutic Approaches

- Unblocking the Invisible Network: Fascia, Mast Cells, and the Clinical Relevance of Lymphatic Obstruction in Complex Syndromes Dr...

Graham Exelby

Mast Cell Activation as a Driver of Central Sensitization in POTS, Long COVID, and Fibromyalgia

Mechanistic Hypotheses and the Role of Collagenase and RAGE Activation Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract Mast cell activation is...

Graham Exelby

Neurovascular-Endocrine Dysfunction as a Core Axis in POTS, Long COVID, and Fibromyalgia

The interplay between intracranial venous congestion, brainstem hypoperfusion, and HPA axis dysfunction Dr Graham Exelby May 2025...

Graham Exelby

Neurometabolic Modelling of PEM and Central Sensitisation

Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract Post-exertional malaise (PEM) and central sensitization are defining features of POTS, ME/CFS, Long...

Graham Exelby

Mould, Sustained Stress, and PTSD Converge on the RAGE–TLR4 Axis: A Unifying Model of Neuroimmune Dysregulation

Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract Chronic mould exposure, sustained psychological stress, and PTSD have emerged as key environmental...

Graham Exelby

Locus Coeruleus Hypoperfusion and Noradrenergic Vasospasm: A Central Mechanism in Dysautonomia and Cerebral Hypoperfusion

Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract Brainstem hypoperfusion is increasingly recognized as a unifying feature in dysautonomic syndromes...

Graham Exelby

Intracranial Hypertension, Venous and Lymphatic Flow Dysfunction- the Core Hydraulic Dysfunctions

Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), particularly in the context of Long COVID, ME/CFS,...

Graham Exelby

Hydraulic and Vascular Autonomic Dysregulation in POTS- The Modified Geddes Baroreceptor Hypothesis

Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) reflects a multifactorial disruption of vascular,...

Graham Exelby

Articles

The Systemic Consequences of STAT3 Dysregulation in Long COVID:

Long COVID and Autism Spectrum Disorder- a Shared Pathophysiology-

Research Library

The Systemic Consequences of STAT3 Dysregulation in Long COVID:

Long COVID and Autism Spectrum Disorder- a Shared Pathophysiology-

Long COVID Progression- the Transitioning of Cytokine Dysregulation to Cellular Suicide

Extracellular Matrix Toxicity and Post-Exertional Malaise

Fascial-Lymphatic Obstruction and Brainstem Hypoxia in Long COVID and POTS

Origin of Brainstem Hypoperfusion in POTS and Long COVID: A Dual-Gate Hypothesis Linking Mechanical and Molecular Initiation

Malignancy Risk in Long COVID

POTS Comorbidities- by Functional Domain

RAGE: A Central Amplifier in POTS

POTS Activators – Clinical Overview with Mechanistic Insights

POTS Symptoms Overview

Telmisartan and Candesartan in Mitigating Cognitive Impairment in Long COVID

Lymphatic Obstruction in POTS, CFS, and Long COVID: A Call for Integrated Therapeutic Approaches

Mast Cell Activation as a Driver of Central Sensitization in POTS, Long COVID, and Fibromyalgia

Neurovascular-Endocrine Dysfunction as a Core Axis in POTS, Long COVID, and Fibromyalgia

Neurometabolic Modelling of PEM and Central Sensitisation

Mould, Sustained Stress, and PTSD Converge on the RAGE–TLR4 Axis: A Unifying Model of Neuroimmune Dysregulation

Locus Coeruleus Hypoperfusion and Noradrenergic Vasospasm: A Central Mechanism in Dysautonomia and Cerebral Hypoperfusion

Intracranial Hypertension, Venous and Lymphatic Flow Dysfunction- the Core Hydraulic Dysfunctions

Hydraulic and Vascular Autonomic Dysregulation in POTS- The Modified Geddes Baroreceptor Hypothesis

Categories

Articles

The Systemic Consequences of STAT3 Dysregulation in Long COVID:

Long COVID and Autism Spectrum Disorder- a Shared Pathophysiology-

Long COVID Progression- the Transitioning of Cytokine Dysregulation to Cellular Suicide

Extracellular Matrix Toxicity and Post-Exertional Malaise

Fascial-Lymphatic Obstruction and Brainstem Hypoxia in Long COVID and POTS

Origin of Brainstem Hypoperfusion in POTS and Long COVID: A Dual-Gate Hypothesis Linking Mechanical and Molecular Initiation

Malignancy Risk in Long COVID

POTS Comorbidities- by Functional Domain

RAGE: A Central Amplifier in POTS

POTS Activators – Clinical Overview with Mechanistic Insights

POTS Symptoms Overview

Telmisartan and Candesartan in Mitigating Cognitive Impairment in Long COVID

Lymphatic Obstruction in POTS, CFS, and Long COVID: A Call for Integrated Therapeutic Approaches

Mast Cell Activation as a Driver of Central Sensitization in POTS, Long COVID, and Fibromyalgia

Neurovascular-Endocrine Dysfunction as a Core Axis in POTS, Long COVID, and Fibromyalgia

Neurometabolic Modelling of PEM and Central Sensitisation

Mould, Sustained Stress, and PTSD Converge on the RAGE–TLR4 Axis: A Unifying Model of Neuroimmune Dysregulation

Locus Coeruleus Hypoperfusion and Noradrenergic Vasospasm: A Central Mechanism in Dysautonomia and Cerebral Hypoperfusion

Intracranial Hypertension, Venous and Lymphatic Flow Dysfunction- the Core Hydraulic Dysfunctions

Hydraulic and Vascular Autonomic Dysregulation in POTS- The Modified Geddes Baroreceptor Hypothesis

Dysautonomia as a Neuroimmune–Metabolic Disorder: A Unified Model Linking TLR4 Activation, Brainstem Hypoxia, and Autonomic Plexus Dysfunction

Coeliac Plexus in POTS : Insights into MALS, SMA and Nutcracker Syndrome in POTS

Cardiac Plexus in POTS- a Central Node in POTS Pathophysiology

Preload Dysfunction in POTS and ME/CFS: The Azygous System, Autonomic Plexii, and Inflammatory Pathways

Autonomic Dysregulation: A Systems-Level Integration of Brainstem Hypoperfusion, Plexus Dysfunction, and Immune-Metabolic Crosstalk in Dysautonomia

Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Dysfunction as a Central Driver of Mitochondrial Failure and Autonomic Instability in POTS, CFS/ME, Long COVID and Gulf War Syndrome

Dysautonomia in Clinical Practice

Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in Autonomic Assessment

Long COVID Investigations

Head Pressure and Pulsatile Tinnitus in Long COVID and POTS

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, Abdominal Vascular Compression Syndromes and the Functional Continuum in Dysautonomia

RAGE–TLR4–NF-κB–CCL2 Looping Activation in Long COVID and Sensitization Syndromes

QT Prolongation in COVID and Long COVID

POTS Management in General Practice

Malignancy Risk in Long COVID

Intracranial Fluid Dynamics and Structural Influences

Integrated Immune and Metabolic Dysfunction in POTS and Long COVID

Hypoxia-Driven RAGE Activation: A Core Pathophysiology

Beyond the Symptoms: Targeting Underlying Mechanisms in POTS

Brainstem Hypoperfusion in POTS,CFS, Fibromyalgia, Long COVID and GWS -a Key Role

POTS Part 2 Pathophysiology

POTS Part 5 Comorbidities

POTS Part 4 Symptoms

POTS Part 3 Activators

POTS Part 1: Epidemiology and Overview

GABA dysfunction in POTS, Long COVID, Fibromyalgia and Long COVID

Heat and Cold Intolerance

Targeting the Perfect Storm- Amino Acid Dysfunction in Post Exertional Malaise-

Brainstem Hypoperfusion, Coat hanger pain and Post-Exertional Malaise in POTS and Long COVID

Amino Acid, Essential Vitamin and Mineral Burn off in Post Exertional Malaise