

Neuro-Immune–Hydraulic Integrative Phenotype Axis (NIHPA): The Conceptual Framework where One Core Engine drives Multiple Phenotypic Variants
Dr Graham Exelby December 2025- in peer review Preview: This diagram shows the root network of all chronic immunometabolic diseases: hypoxia HIF-1α → HIF-2α reprogramming ROS / RAGE / NF-κB activation STAT3–CCL2 macrophage/microglial loops NLRP3 inflammasome pericyte dropout BBB leak mast-cell activation mitochondrial failure / PDH shutdown glycolytic trap autonomic failure central sensitisation This is the “motherboard,” where from this “motherboard,” you can derive variants
Graham Exelby
1 min read
Genomic Redundancy as a Driver of Chronicity in POTS and Long COVID: a Preliminary Study of Convergent Pathway Disruption
Author: Dr Graham Exelby October 2025. A Reanalysis of: Exelby,G & Vittone,V. DNA Mutations in POTS and Long COVID. 2023 (redacted), with translational assistance from Dr Valerio Vittone. Abstract Background: Dysautonomia, Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS), ME/CFS, Long COVID, vaccine injury, and malignancy have traditionally been considered distinct conditions. However, accumulating evidence suggests they share molecular drivers. Methods: We conducted SNP-
Graham Exelby
2 min read
Epstein–Barr Virus Reactivation in Long COVID: A Clinical Overview for Physicians
Dr Graham Exelby, September 2025 Extracted from “EBV Reactivation in Long COVID: A Mechanistic Synthesis,” September 2025...
Graham Exelby
3 min read
What DNA Can Teach Us in Understanding POTS, ME/CFS, and Long COVID
Dr Graham Exelby October 2025. Simplified and condensed from: “Genomic Redundancy as a Driver of Chronicity in POTS and Long COVID” Introduction Conditions like Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS), Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS), and Long COVID affect many people with symptoms such as dizziness, fatigue, brain fog, palpitations, and post-exertional malaise (PEM, where even mild activity leads to a crash in energy). These conditions ca
Graham Exelby
6 min read
Tilt Testing in POTS : Safe and Effective Options
Dr Graham Exelby September 2025. This is a personal opinion and may differ from that of your medical advisers. Introduction Many centres...
Graham Exelby
2 min read
Ascending Aortic Dilatation in Athletes with Thoracic Outlet Syndrome and the Therapeutic Role of Telmisartan
Dr Graham Exelby September 2025 Background : I have been involved in a long term longitudinal study of this problem, initially comparing...
Graham Exelby
6 min read
Azygous Vein Dysfunction in POTS
Results of supine and standing echocardiography Dr Graham Exelby August 2025 As we start seeing clear echocardiographic evidence of...
Graham Exelby
2 min read
The Systemic Consequences of STAT3 Dysregulation in Long COVID:
A Unifying Molecular Pathway Across Malignancy, Autoimmunity, and Immune Dysregulation Dr Graham Exelby June 2025- revised September 2025...
Graham Exelby
6 min read
POTS Comorbidities- by Functional Domain
Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract: This paper provides a structured overview of comorbid conditions observed in clinical POTS practice,...
Graham Exelby
5 min read


RAGE: A Central Amplifier in POTS
Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Introduction Chronic hypoxia is a powerful initiator of immune dysregulation, neurovascular injury, and...
Graham Exelby
13 min read


Lymphatic Obstruction in POTS, CFS, and Long COVID: A Call for Integrated Therapeutic Approaches
- Unblocking the Invisible Network: Fascia, Mast Cells, and the Clinical Relevance of Lymphatic Obstruction in Complex Syndromes Dr...
Graham Exelby
16 min read


Mould, Sustained Stress, and PTSD Converge on the RAGE–TLR4 Axis: A Unifying Model of Neuroimmune Dysregulation
Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract Chronic mould exposure, sustained psychological stress, and PTSD have emerged as key environmental...
Graham Exelby
40 min read
Locus Coeruleus Hypoperfusion and Noradrenergic Vasospasm: A Central Mechanism in Dysautonomia and Cerebral Hypoperfusion
Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract Brainstem hypoperfusion is increasingly recognized as a unifying feature in dysautonomic syndromes...
Graham Exelby
17 min read
Hydraulic and Vascular Autonomic Dysregulation in POTS- The Modified Geddes Baroreceptor Hypothesis
Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) reflects a multifactorial disruption of vascular,...
Graham Exelby
10 min read


Dysautonomia as a Neuroimmune–Metabolic Disorder: A Unified Model Linking TLR4 Activation, Brainstem Hypoxia, and Autonomic Plexus Dysfunction
Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Contents: 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Section 1- Linking Immune dysregulation to Metabolic,...
Graham Exelby
30 min read


Coeliac Plexus in POTS : Insights into MALS, SMA and Nutcracker Syndrome in POTS
Dr Graham Exelby, with Deborah Calleja and Michelle Hill Abstract Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) is increasingly...
Graham Exelby
19 min read
Cardiac Plexus in POTS- a Central Node in POTS Pathophysiology
Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 with physiotherapy input from Stuart Stevenson Abstract This hypothesis paper presents the cardiac plexus—a...
Graham Exelby
18 min read


Autonomic Dysregulation: A Systems-Level Integration of Brainstem Hypoperfusion, Plexus Dysfunction, and Immune-Metabolic Crosstalk in Dysautonomia
Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract: Dysautonomia encompasses a diverse spectrum of syndromes marked by disordered autonomic nervous...
Graham Exelby
16 min read


Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in Autonomic Assessment
Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Overview: Heart Rate Variability (HRV) reflects the dynamic interplay between the sympathetic and...
Graham Exelby
2 min read
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, Abdominal Vascular Compression Syndromes and the Functional Continuum in Dysautonomia
Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Functional Continuum with Brainstem and Cardiac Plexus Involvement: Emerging evidence and clinical observation...
Graham Exelby
4 min read




























