Mermaid Central Medical Clinic Research

Sharing research in Long COVID, POTS, fibromyalgia and other areas

Mould, Sustained Stress, and PTSD Converge on the RAGE–TLR4 Axis: A Unifying Model of Neuroimmune Dysregulation

Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract Chronic mould exposure, sustained psychological stress, and PTSD have emerged as key environmental...

Graham Exelby

40 min read

Hydraulic and Vascular Autonomic Dysregulation in POTS- The Modified Geddes Baroreceptor Hypothesis

Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) reflects a multifactorial disruption of vascular,...

Graham Exelby

10 min read

Dysautonomia as a Neuroimmune–Metabolic Disorder: A Unified Model Linking TLR4 Activation, Brainstem Hypoxia, and Autonomic Plexus Dysfunction

Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Contents: 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Section 1- Linking Immune dysregulation to Metabolic,...

Graham Exelby

30 min read

Beyond the Symptoms: Targeting Underlying Mechanisms in POTS

Dr Graham Exelby April 2025 Table of Contents 1. Introduction: A Shift Toward Root-Cause POTS Management 2. Hypoxia as the Common...

Graham Exelby

12 min read

POTS Part 2 Pathophysiology

The Unifying Hypotheses to understand the processes Driving POTS, how hypoxia, neuroimmune Dysregulation and Autonomic Dysfunction in...

Graham Exelby

5 min read

POTS Part 5 Comorbidities

Dr Graham Exelby March 2025 Introduction to POTS Comorbidities Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) exists not as an isolated...

Graham Exelby

2 min read

POTS Part 4 Symptoms

Dr Graham Exelby March 2025 Introduction Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) can be conceptualized as a disorder of...

Graham Exelby

1 min read

POTS Part 3 Activators

Dr Graham Exelby March 2025 Abstract Background: Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) is a heterogenous dysautonomic...

Graham Exelby

3 min read

POTS Part 1: Epidemiology and Overview

Dr Graham Exelby March 2025 Part of major review of POTS based on causes, drivers demonstrating the linking between inflammation, immune...

Graham Exelby

2 min read

Targeting the Perfect Storm- Amino Acid Dysfunction in Post Exertional Malaise-

Dr Graham Exelby. December 2024, revised February 2025 Introduction Post-exertional malaise (PEM) represents a multifactorial challenge...

Graham Exelby

25 min read

Articles Categories

Articles List

The Systemic Consequences of STAT3 Dysregulation in Long COVID:

Long COVID and Autism Spectrum Disorder- a Shared Pathophysiology-

Long COVID Progression- the Transitioning of Cytokine Dysregulation to Cellular Suicide

Extracellular Matrix Toxicity and Post-Exertional Malaise

Fascial-Lymphatic Obstruction and Brainstem Hypoxia in Long COVID and POTS

Origin of Brainstem Hypoperfusion in POTS and Long COVID: A Dual-Gate Hypothesis Linking Mechanical and Molecular Initiation

Malignancy Risk in Long COVID

POTS Comorbidities- by Functional Domain

RAGE: A Central Amplifier in POTS

POTS Activators – Clinical Overview with Mechanistic Insights

POTS Symptoms Overview

Telmisartan and Candesartan in Mitigating Cognitive Impairment in Long COVID

Lymphatic Obstruction in POTS, CFS, and Long COVID: A Call for Integrated Therapeutic Approaches

Mast Cell Activation as a Driver of Central Sensitization in POTS, Long COVID, and Fibromyalgia

Neurovascular-Endocrine Dysfunction as a Core Axis in POTS, Long COVID, and Fibromyalgia

Neurometabolic Modelling of PEM and Central Sensitisation

Mould, Sustained Stress, and PTSD Converge on the RAGE–TLR4 Axis: A Unifying Model of Neuroimmune Dysregulation

Locus Coeruleus Hypoperfusion and Noradrenergic Vasospasm: A Central Mechanism in Dysautonomia and Cerebral Hypoperfusion

Intracranial Hypertension, Venous and Lymphatic Flow Dysfunction- the Core Hydraulic Dysfunctions

Hydraulic and Vascular Autonomic Dysregulation in POTS- The Modified Geddes Baroreceptor Hypothesis

Dysautonomia as a Neuroimmune–Metabolic Disorder: A Unified Model Linking TLR4 Activation, Brainstem Hypoxia, and Autonomic Plexus Dysfunction

Coeliac Plexus in POTS : Insights into MALS, SMA and Nutcracker Syndrome in POTS

Cardiac Plexus in POTS- a Central Node in POTS Pathophysiology

Preload Dysfunction in POTS and ME/CFS: The Azygous System, Autonomic Plexii, and Inflammatory Pathways

Autonomic Dysregulation: A Systems-Level Integration of Brainstem Hypoperfusion, Plexus Dysfunction, and Immune-Metabolic Crosstalk in Dysautonomia

Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Dysfunction as a Central Driver of Mitochondrial Failure and Autonomic Instability in POTS, CFS/ME, Long COVID and Gulf War Syndrome

Dysautonomia in Clinical Practice

Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in Autonomic Assessment

Long COVID Investigations

Head Pressure and Pulsatile Tinnitus in Long COVID and POTS

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, Abdominal Vascular Compression Syndromes and the Functional Continuum in Dysautonomia

RAGE–TLR4–NF-κB–CCL2 Looping Activation in Long COVID and Sensitization Syndromes

QT Prolongation in COVID and Long COVID

POTS Management in General Practice

Malignancy Risk in Long COVID

Intracranial Fluid Dynamics and Structural Influences

Integrated Immune and Metabolic Dysfunction in POTS and Long COVID

Hypoxia-Driven RAGE Activation: A Core Pathophysiology

Beyond the Symptoms: Targeting Underlying Mechanisms in POTS

Brainstem Hypoperfusion in POTS,CFS, Fibromyalgia, Long COVID and GWS -a Key Role

POTS Part 2 Pathophysiology

POTS Part 5 Comorbidities

POTS Part 4 Symptoms

POTS Part 3 Activators

POTS Part 1: Epidemiology and Overview

GABA dysfunction in POTS, Long COVID, Fibromyalgia and Long COVID

Heat and Cold Intolerance

Targeting the Perfect Storm- Amino Acid Dysfunction in Post Exertional Malaise-

Brainstem Hypoperfusion, Coat hanger pain and Post-Exertional Malaise in POTS and Long COVID

Amino Acid, Essential Vitamin and Mineral Burn off in Post Exertional Malaise

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Mermaid Central Medical Clinic Research Sharing research in Long COVID, POTS, fibromyalgia and other areas

Mould, Sustained Stress, and PTSD Converge on the RAGE–TLR4 Axis: A Unifying Model of Neuroimmune Dysregulation

Hydraulic and Vascular Autonomic Dysregulation in POTS- The Modified Geddes Baroreceptor Hypothesis

Dysautonomia as a Neuroimmune–Metabolic Disorder: A Unified Model Linking TLR4 Activation, Brainstem Hypoxia, and Autonomic Plexus Dysfunction

Beyond the Symptoms: Targeting Underlying Mechanisms in POTS

POTS Part 2 Pathophysiology

POTS Part 5 Comorbidities

POTS Part 4 Symptoms

POTS Part 3 Activators

POTS Part 1: Epidemiology and Overview

Targeting the Perfect Storm- Amino Acid Dysfunction in Post Exertional Malaise-

Articles Categories

Articles List

The Systemic Consequences of STAT3 Dysregulation in Long COVID:

Long COVID and Autism Spectrum Disorder- a Shared Pathophysiology-

Long COVID Progression- the Transitioning of Cytokine Dysregulation to Cellular Suicide

Extracellular Matrix Toxicity and Post-Exertional Malaise

Fascial-Lymphatic Obstruction and Brainstem Hypoxia in Long COVID and POTS

Origin of Brainstem Hypoperfusion in POTS and Long COVID: A Dual-Gate Hypothesis Linking Mechanical and Molecular Initiation

Malignancy Risk in Long COVID

POTS Comorbidities- by Functional Domain

RAGE: A Central Amplifier in POTS

POTS Activators – Clinical Overview with Mechanistic Insights

POTS Symptoms Overview

Telmisartan and Candesartan in Mitigating Cognitive Impairment in Long COVID

Lymphatic Obstruction in POTS, CFS, and Long COVID: A Call for Integrated Therapeutic Approaches

Mast Cell Activation as a Driver of Central Sensitization in POTS, Long COVID, and Fibromyalgia

Neurovascular-Endocrine Dysfunction as a Core Axis in POTS, Long COVID, and Fibromyalgia

Neurometabolic Modelling of PEM and Central Sensitisation

Mould, Sustained Stress, and PTSD Converge on the RAGE–TLR4 Axis: A Unifying Model of Neuroimmune Dysregulation

Locus Coeruleus Hypoperfusion and Noradrenergic Vasospasm: A Central Mechanism in Dysautonomia and Cerebral Hypoperfusion

Intracranial Hypertension, Venous and Lymphatic Flow Dysfunction- the Core Hydraulic Dysfunctions

Hydraulic and Vascular Autonomic Dysregulation in POTS- The Modified Geddes Baroreceptor Hypothesis

Dysautonomia as a Neuroimmune–Metabolic Disorder: A Unified Model Linking TLR4 Activation, Brainstem Hypoxia, and Autonomic Plexus Dysfunction

Coeliac Plexus in POTS : Insights into MALS, SMA and Nutcracker Syndrome in POTS

Cardiac Plexus in POTS- a Central Node in POTS Pathophysiology

Preload Dysfunction in POTS and ME/CFS: The Azygous System, Autonomic Plexii, and Inflammatory Pathways

Autonomic Dysregulation: A Systems-Level Integration of Brainstem Hypoperfusion, Plexus Dysfunction, and Immune-Metabolic Crosstalk in Dysautonomia

Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Dysfunction as a Central Driver of Mitochondrial Failure and Autonomic Instability in POTS, CFS/ME, Long COVID and Gulf War Syndrome

Dysautonomia in Clinical Practice

Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in Autonomic Assessment

Long COVID Investigations

Head Pressure and Pulsatile Tinnitus in Long COVID and POTS

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, Abdominal Vascular Compression Syndromes and the Functional Continuum in Dysautonomia

RAGE–TLR4–NF-κB–CCL2 Looping Activation in Long COVID and Sensitization Syndromes

QT Prolongation in COVID and Long COVID

POTS Management in General Practice

Malignancy Risk in Long COVID

Intracranial Fluid Dynamics and Structural Influences

Integrated Immune and Metabolic Dysfunction in POTS and Long COVID

Hypoxia-Driven RAGE Activation: A Core Pathophysiology

Beyond the Symptoms: Targeting Underlying Mechanisms in POTS

Brainstem Hypoperfusion in POTS,CFS, Fibromyalgia, Long COVID and GWS -a Key Role

POTS Part 2 Pathophysiology

POTS Part 5 Comorbidities

POTS Part 4 Symptoms

POTS Part 3 Activators

POTS Part 1: Epidemiology and Overview

GABA dysfunction in POTS, Long COVID, Fibromyalgia and Long COVID

Heat and Cold Intolerance

Targeting the Perfect Storm- Amino Acid Dysfunction in Post Exertional Malaise-

Brainstem Hypoperfusion, Coat hanger pain and Post-Exertional Malaise in POTS and Long COVID

Amino Acid, Essential Vitamin and Mineral Burn off in Post Exertional Malaise

Mermaid Central Medical Clinic Research

Sharing research in Long COVID, POTS, fibromyalgia and other areas