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Long COVID
Research in COVID-19 has answered many of the questions that kept popping up in POTS, Fibromyalgia and similar conditions- how a virus (or trauma, mould, parasites, sustained stress) can activate threat receptors (Toll-like receptors, or TLRs) which then activate Mast Cells that are responsible for the cytokine storm that is what happens in COVID.
Pericyte and Astrocyte Dysfunction in Long COVID: Key Insights for Family Physicians
Author: Based on original work by Dr Graham Exelby Date: September 05, 2025 Purpose: This summary distils the complex role of...
Graham Exelby
Sep 6, 2025
Long COVID Beyond the Acute Phase: Key Insights for General Practitioners
Author: Based on original work by Dr Graham Exelby, revised by Dr Valerio Vittone (PhD), reviewed by Dr Jonathon Jenkins Date:...
Graham Exelby
Sep 6, 2025
Long COVID: Inflammation, Hypoxia, Pericytes, Astrocytes, and Chronic Disease – A Patient Guide
Author: Based on original works by Dr Graham Exelby, Dr Valerio Vittone (PhD) Date: September 05, 2025 Purpose: This guide combines...
Graham Exelby
Sep 6, 2025
Origin of Brainstem Hypoperfusion in POTS and Long COVID: A Dual-Gate Hypothesis Linking Mechanical and Molecular Initiation
Dr. Graham Exelby June 2025- a Preliminary Paper Abstract Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) frequently presents after...
Graham Exelby
Jun 7, 2025
Lymphatic Obstruction in POTS, CFS, and Long COVID: A Call for Integrated Therapeutic Approaches
- Unblocking the Invisible Network: Fascia, Mast Cells, and the Clinical Relevance of Lymphatic Obstruction in Complex Syndromes Dr...
Graham Exelby
May 25, 2025
Mast Cell Activation as a Driver of Central Sensitization in POTS, Long COVID, and Fibromyalgia
Mechanistic Hypotheses and the Role of Collagenase and RAGE Activation Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract Mast cell activation is...
Graham Exelby
May 24, 2025
Neurovascular-Endocrine Dysfunction as a Core Axis in POTS, Long COVID, and Fibromyalgia
The interplay between intracranial venous congestion, brainstem hypoperfusion, and HPA axis dysfunction Dr Graham Exelby May 2025...
Graham Exelby
May 24, 2025
Neurometabolic Modelling of PEM and Central Sensitisation
Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract Post-exertional malaise (PEM) and central sensitization are defining features of POTS, ME/CFS, Long...
Graham Exelby
May 24, 2025
Mould, Sustained Stress, and PTSD Converge on the RAGE–TLR4 Axis: A Unifying Model of Neuroimmune Dysregulation
Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract Chronic mould exposure, sustained psychological stress, and PTSD have emerged as key environmental...
Graham Exelby
May 24, 2025
Locus Coeruleus Hypoperfusion and Noradrenergic Vasospasm: A Central Mechanism in Dysautonomia and Cerebral Hypoperfusion
Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract Brainstem hypoperfusion is increasingly recognized as a unifying feature in dysautonomic syndromes...
Graham Exelby
May 24, 2025
Intracranial Hypertension, Venous and Lymphatic Flow Dysfunction- the Core Hydraulic Dysfunctions
Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), particularly in the context of Long COVID, ME/CFS,...
Graham Exelby
May 24, 2025
Hydraulic and Vascular Autonomic Dysregulation in POTS- The Modified Geddes Baroreceptor Hypothesis
Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Abstract Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) reflects a multifactorial disruption of vascular,...
Graham Exelby
May 24, 2025
Dysautonomia as a Neuroimmune–Metabolic Disorder: A Unified Model Linking TLR4 Activation, Brainstem Hypoxia, and Autonomic Plexus Dysfunction
Dr Graham Exelby May 2025 Contents: 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Section 1- Linking Immune dysregulation to Metabolic,...
Graham Exelby
May 24, 2025
Beyond the Symptoms: Targeting Underlying Mechanisms in POTS
Dr Graham Exelby April 2025 Table of Contents 1. Introduction: A Shift Toward Root-Cause POTS Management 2. Hypoxia as the Common...
Graham Exelby
Apr 21, 2025
GABA dysfunction in POTS, Long COVID, Fibromyalgia and Long COVID
Dr Graham Exelby December 2024 Abstract GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous...
Graham Exelby
Dec 30, 2024
Heat and Cold Intolerance
Dr Graham Exelby December 2024 Temperature intolerance is a common symptom in Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) and often...
Graham Exelby
Dec 15, 2024
Targeting the Perfect Storm- Amino Acid Dysfunction in Post Exertional Malaise-
Dr Graham Exelby. December 2024, revised February 2025 Introduction Post-exertional malaise (PEM) represents a multifactorial challenge...
Graham Exelby
Dec 15, 2024
Brainstem Hypoperfusion, Coat hanger pain and Post-Exertional Malaise in POTS and Long COVID
Dr Graham Exelby September 2024 Brainstem hypoperfusion, coat hanger pain and PEM have similar pathogenesis, and are found in that same...
Graham Exelby
Sep 1, 2024
Amino Acid, Essential Vitamin and Mineral Burn off in Post Exertional Malaise
A Preliminary Study -September 2024, currently being peer-reviewed Dr Graham Exelby Brainstem hypoperfusion, coat hanger pain and PEM...
Graham Exelby
Jul 7, 2024
Breaking Through in POTS and Long Covid
Revised April 2025. Dr Graham Exelby We have moved away from the traditional model of treating POTS, CFS, Long COVID, and Fibromyalgia...
Graham Exelby
Mar 24, 2024
The Glymphatic System
Glymphatic System (or glymphatic clearance pathway or paravascular system) Dr Graham Exelby. January 2024- Currently under revision...
Graham Exelby
Dec 30, 2023
Low Glutamate Diet
December 2023 Dr Graham Exelby, Dr Valerio Vittone, Ms Kelley Bright Diet change can be extremely important managing the inflammatory...
Graham Exelby
Dec 9, 2023
DNA Mutations in POTS and Long Covid-Practitioner version MCAS Conference- April 2 2023-
By Dr Valerio Vittone Screendumps from Dr Vittone's presentation at the MCAS Conference April 2023
Graham Exelby
Apr 11, 2023
DNA Mutations in POTS and Long Covid- Patient version-MCAS Conference- April 2 2023
by Dr Valerio Vittone These are "screendumps" of the patient presentation by Dr Vittone at the MCAS Conference April 2023. I apologize...
Graham Exelby
Apr 9, 2023
Nigella Sativa in COVID
Black seed or N. sativa that belongs to the Ranunculacea family has a rich historical and religious background. It is native to southwest...
Graham Exelby
Mar 1, 2023
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)
Dr Graham Exelby May 2024 Currently being revised to incorporate the use of nicotinamide in amino acid dysfunction Nicotinamide...
Graham Exelby
Dec 30, 2022
Low Dose Naltrexone, Ketotifen and other Mast Cell Treatments
Dr Graham Exelby May 2024 This is part of a personal management protocol in POTS, Long Covid and other MCAS-associated conditions. There...
Graham Exelby
Oct 17, 2022
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